Sundarbani cattle – a unique population of non-descriptive cattle in Sundarban area of West Bengal- are small-sized, compact and docile animals and well adapted to low-input production systems in this coastal region. They are primarily maintained by marginal and resource-poor farmers for draught power, manure and subsistence milk production. Phenotypically, the breed exhibits variable coat colours ranging from white and fawn to blackish brown, black muzzle and hooves, straight forward-oriented horns and a compact body structure with strong legs suitable for muddy and waterlogged conditions. The production performance of Sundarbani cattle revealed that the animals are modest milk yielder, with an average daily yield of about 1.15 kg and an average lactation yield of approximately 300 kg, while milk quality remains acceptable in terms of fat and protein contents. Reproductive performance is characterized by delayed sexual maturity and longer calving intervals; however, fertility is satisfactory under extensive management, as evidenced by a low number of services per conception. The breed is particularly valued for its draught ability, endurance and tolerance to heat, humidity and seasonal feed scarcity. A unique feature of Sundarbani cattle is their ability to survive in submerged and waterlogged conditions by utilizing aquatic vegetation during the monsoon season and paddy straw during the dry season. Despite their socio-economic importance and unique adaptive traits, Sundarbani cattle remain largely uncharacterized and face threats from indiscriminate crossbreeding and changing farming practices. Systematic documentation, recognition and conservation of this indigenous cattle population are essential for sustainable utilization and for preserving genetic resources suited to coastal and climate-vulnerable regions.
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