Heat stress significantly impairs semen quality in breeding bulls, reducing fertility and affecting dairy productivity. This paper highlights the role of oxidative stress in sperm damage, including lipid peroxidation, protein dysfunction, and DNA fragmentation. It emphasizes the importance of nutritional interventions—such as antioxidants, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds—in mitigating these effects. Strategic dietary supplementation improves sperm quality, enhances thermotolerance, and supports reproductive efficiency, ensuring better outcomes in artificial insemination and sustainable dairy production systems.
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